Does Free Trade Benefit Everyone? A Deep Dive into the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem - EP272

Is free trade always good for workers? Gene Tunny explores the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, which shows how trade can lower wages for some while benefiting others. He discusses key economic insights from Wolfgang Stolper and Paul Samuelson, real-world historical examples, and the implications for today’s global trade debates.  If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions for Gene, please email him at contact@economicsexplored.com.Timestamps for EP272Introduction (0:00)Explanation of Comparative Advantage and Free Trade (1:50)Background on Wolfgang Stolper and Paul Samuelson (5:50)The Heckscher-Ohlin Model and Indirect Factor Arbitrage (16:37)Stolper-Samuelson Theorem and Its Implications (26:35)Empirical Evidence and Historical Applications (31:53)Conclusion and Future Directions (32:19)TakeawaysFree Trade Creates Winners and Losers – The Stolper-Samuelson theorem predicts that free trade benefits the owners of a country’s relatively abundant factors (e.g., capitalists in capital-rich countries) but can harm the owners of relatively scarce factors (e.g., workers in industrialised economies).Economic Theory Still Favors Free Trade Overall – While trade can hurt specific groups, economists argue that overall national income rises, making it possible (though not always politically feasible) to compensate the losers.Historical Evidence Supports the Underlying Theory – Examples from 19th-century trade patterns show factor price convergence, with land rents rising in the U.S. while falling in Britain due to increased trade.Trade Policy Shapes Political Alliances – Farmers in land-rich nations like Australia and the USA often supported free trade, while industrial workers in capital-rich nations tended to favor protectionism.Links relevant to the conversation The previous episode with Ian Fletcher: https://economicsexplored.com/2025/01/21/industrial-policy-vs-free-trade-w-ian-fletcher-coalition-for-a-prosperous-america-ep271/ Stolper and Samuelson’s 1941 paper “Protection and Real Wages”: https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-abstract/9/1/58/1588589 William Bernstein’s book “A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World”: https://www.amazon.com.au/Splendid-Exchange-Trade-Shaped-World/dp/0802144160 Roger Backhouse’s book “Founder of Modern Economics: Paul A. Samuelson: Volume 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915-1948”: https://www.amazon.com.au/Founder-Modern-Economics-Samuelson-1915-1948/dp/0190664096 Edward Leamer’s paper on the Hecksher-Ohlin model in theory and practice: https://ies.princeton.edu/pdf/S77.pdfLumo Coffee promotion 10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee. Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLORED Promo code: 10EXPLORED  Full transcripts are available a few days after the episode is first published at www.economicsexplored.com.